Outputs and Activities
Article published in Complete Nutrition Magazine
Diet is key to the maintenance of health and crucial in the prevention and management of many diseases. Modified nutrient intake may become essential to prevent deficiency, optimise development and health, or manage symptoms and disease progression. A primary method through which research evidence is used to guide individualised nutrition interventions is the development of clinical practice guidelines, which bridge the gap between research and clinical practice. This topic, Evidence for nutrition interventions for individuals, is the subject of the third Position Paper from the Academy of Nutrition Sciences.
An article focussing on this Position Paper has been published in the October 2024 issue of Complete Nutrition Magazine, entitled Using Nutrition Evidence to Inform Individualised Care. It can be found here.
The article also refers briefly to the previous Position Papers on Evidence for dietary recommendations and Evidence for health claims and the associated editorials.
Applying Complex Research Evidence To Inform Nutrition Messaging
The Academy's three Position Papers on the use of evidence to inform nutrition recommendations are the focus of a series of free-to-attend webinars hosted by the British Dietetic Association in May 2024, which explore the challenges identified and the recommendations made in the Position Papers.
Registration and details of speakers for the lunch-time sessions can be accessed here.
The first webinar on 7 May will examine how dietary recommendations are formulated for populations for prevention of non-communicable diseases (Williams et al., 2021). The second on 15 May looks at how research evidence can be used to guide individualised nutrition interventions during one-to-one consultations (Hickson et al 2024), and the focus of the third is use of evidence to support health claims for specific foods (Ashwell et al., 2022).
Recordings of the webinars will be free to access and available here after the events have taken place.
Navigating nutrition evidence for individualised care
Diet is key to the maintenance of health and crucial in the prevention and management of many diseases. Modified nutrient intake may become essential to prevent deficiency, optimise development and health, or manage symptoms and disease progression. A new Position Paper (Hickson et al 2024) from the Academy of Nutrition Sciences (ANS) provides a state-of-the-art summary of how evidence-based practice, with a particular emphasis on research evaluation, is used to inform nutrition interventions for individuals.
Developed in collaboration with registered professionals working in the UK, Canada and the USA, the paper examines available frameworks for appraising quality and certainty of nutrition research evidence, the development of nutrition guidelines to support evidence implementation in practice, and the influence of other sources of nutrition information as well as misinformation. It provides a valuable resource for students of nutrition and dietetics as well as qualified professionals.
Of major importance to evidence-based nutrition and dietetic practice is the ability to critically appraise the quality and certainty of research evidence in terms of: (i) whether an appropriate study design has been used to answer the clinical question; (ii) the methodological quality of the study (i.e. specific aspects of the methods); and (iii) the overall quality and certainty of the evidence as a basis for deriving recommendations. The Paper provides examples of critical appraisal tools for use with different study designs, including tools to assess the risk of bias within studies.
Ten consensus recommendations are made, addressed to three specific audiences:
i. Nutrition and dietetic professionals, and their professional bodies;
ii. Researchers - those funding, commissioning or undertaking research aimed at delivering evidence-based practice (e.g. grant funding bodies, guideline developers, researchers etc);
iii. Disseminators - those disseminating nutrition information to patients and the public (people in the media, journalists, policy makers, politicians, other healthcare professionals, etc).
An evidence-based approach to delivery of individualised nutrition advice is crucial to ensure an intervention is efficacious and most likely to be acceptable, effective and safe. The Academy advises that the highest levels of evidence are sometimes not possible to achieve due to the nature of human nutrition and diet research. Therefore, it recommends that the concept of using the entirety of the best available evidence should be applied in prescribing nutrition interventions for individuals by nutrition and dietetic professionals.
One of the recommendations addressed to the research community and those seeking to conduct research in nutrition is that a greater understanding of the most robust research designs for use in nutritional interventions aimed at individuals is required. The development of a hierarchy of evidence specifically for nutrition studies for individualised care is needed, which reflects the concepts of study quality, best available evidence and individualisation.
Challenges identified
The ANS Position Paper also considers major challenges in applying research evidence to individuals Perhaps the most obvious of these is that, in addition to the increasing quantity and quality of robustly performed research studies, there is an abundance of conflicting information and misinformation that has to be navigated from diverse sources, including non-qualified practitioners, social media influencers and celebrities, the proliferation of fad diets and health products, and the tendency to use sensational headlines to attract more clicks, views and sales.
Accompanying editorials
The ANS Position Paper (Hickson et al 2024) is accompanied by an editorial published in Nutrition Bulletin, Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, and Nutrition and Dietetics that summarises the challenges identified and the recommendations made. The Position Paper builds on previous Position Papers from the Academy of Nutrition Sciences that focussed on how dietary recommendations are formulated for populations for prevention of non-communicable diseases (Williams et al., 2021) and evidence used to support health claims for specific foods (Ashwell et al., 2022). Accompanying editorials focus on specific aspects of these Position Papers. See below for more information.
Previous Position Papers
ANS Position Paper: Evidence for Dietary Recommendations
The first Position Paper, published in December 2020 in the British Journal of Nutrition, focused on the nature of the evidence base underpinning dietary recommendations and the systematic processes used by expert panels to ensure that rigour, relevance and consistency are brought to their conclusions. Click here for an overview
In addition to the full paper, there were accompanying editorials in Nutrition Bulletin and the Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, which highlight the Academy’s recommendations. The Position Paper also addresses some of the challenges inherent in studying diet-disease relationships and lessons learned over the past 45 years of evidence-based policy making in dietary prevention of non-communicable diseases, such as cancers and cardiovascular diseases. One such challenge concerns the investigation of the biological mechanisms underlying diet-disease relationships through experimental studies. A recent publication by one of the Position Paper’s authors, discusses this in detail and it is also explored in a blog.
ANS Position Paper: Evidence for Health Claims
The second Position Paper on use of nutrition evidence, published in the British Journal of Nutrition in November 2022, focuses on the Nutrition and Health Claims Regulation and use of evidence to support health claims for foods. Click here for an overview . A blog discussing why health professionals need to know about the processes in place to regulate the use of such claims is available and accompanying editorials appeared in Nutrition Bulletin and the Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. These editorials summarise the recommendations and highlight the implications of the Regulation for nutrition and dietetic professionals.
References
Position Papers from the Academy of Nutrition Sciences
Ashwell, M., Hickson, M., Stanner, S., Prentice, A. & Williams, C. M. (2022) Nature of the evidence base and strengths, challenges and recommendations in the area of nutrition and health claims: a Position Paper from the Academy of Nutrition Sciences. British Journal of Nutrition 130(2):221-238. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114522003300
Hickson, M., Papoutsakis, C., Madden A., Smith M.A. & Whelan K. (2024) Nature of the evidence base and approaches to guide nutrition interventions for individuals: a position paper from the Academy of Nutrition Sciences. British Journal of Nutrition https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114524000291
Williams, C. M., Ashwell, M., Prentice, A., Hickson, M., Stanner, S. (2021) Nature of the evidence base and frameworks underpinning dietary recommendations for prevention of non-communicable diseases: a position paper from the Academy of Nutrition Sciences. Br J Nutr, 126 , 1076-1090 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114520005000
Associated editorials
Buttriss J, Hickson M, Whelan K, Williams C (2024a) Navigating the complexity of applying nutrition evidence to individualised care: Summary of an Academy of Nutrition Sciences Position Paper. Nutrition Bulletin https://doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12660
Buttriss J, Hickson M, Whelan K, Williams C (2024b) Navigating the complexity of applying nutrition evidence to individualised care: Summary of an Academy of Nutrition Sciences Position Paper. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.13288
Buttriss J, Hickson M, Whelan K, Williams C (2024c) Navigating the complexity of applying nutrition evidence to individualised care: Summary of an Academy of Nutrition Sciences Position Paper. Nutrition and Dietetics https://doi.org/10.1111/1747-0080.12867
Stanner S, Ashwell M, Williams CM (2022a) Why do health professionals need to know about the nutrition and health claims regulation? Summary of an Academy of Nutrition Sciences Position Paper. Nutrition Bulletin 48 (1) 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12598
Stanner S, Ashwell M, Williams CM (2022b) Why do health professionals need to know about the nutrition and health claims regulation? Summary of an Academy of Nutrition Sciences Position Paper. Journal Human Nutrition and Dietetics 36 (1), 12-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.13118
Williams C.M., Buttriss J.L., Whelan K. (2021a) Synthesising nutrition science into dietary guidelines for populations amidst the challenge of fake news: Summary of an Academy of Nutrition Sciences position paper. Nutrition Bulletin 46 (1) 2-7 https://doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12480
Williams C.M., Buttriss J.L., Whelan K. (2021b) Synthesising nutrition science into dietary guidelines for populations amidst the challenge of fake news: Summary of an Academy of Nutrition Sciences position paper. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 34 (3), 467-71 https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12863
Dr Judy Buttriss
Academy of Nutrition Sciences, Chair of Trustees
Position Papers from the Academy of Nutrition Sciences
9/1/24
Not to be confused with the Nutrition Society’s recently launched Academy, the Academy of Nutrition Sciences (ANS) was established in 2019 to be an authoritative voice advancing and promoting evidence-based nutrition science for our discipline, including those engaged in research, education and training, clinical practice, and nutrition science communication. Its mission is to champion nutrition science, enhancing its impact on policy and health for public benefit. It results from a longstanding collaboration between its founder members: the Association for Nutrition, British Dietetic Association, British Nutrition Foundation, and Nutrition Society.
Outputs from the Academy
Position Papers, published open access in peer reviewed journals, are the main outputs to date. These are aligned with our strategic priorities and present the Academy’s formal position on a major topic, identifying challenges and opportunities, and making recommendations.
ANS Position Paper: Evidence for Dietary Recommendations
The first Position Paper, published in December 2020 in the British Journal of Nutrition, focused on the nature of the evidence base underpinning dietary recommendations and the systematic processes used by expert panels to ensure that rigour, relevance and consistency are brought to their conclusions. Click here for an overview
In addition to the full paper, there were accompanying editorials in Nutrition Bulletin and the Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, which highlight the Academy’s recommendations. The Position Paper also addresses some of the challenges inherent in studying diet-disease relationships and lessons learned over the past 45 years of evidence-based policy making in dietary prevention of non-communicable diseases, such as cancers and cardiovascular diseases. One such challenge concerns the investigation of the biological mechanisms underlying diet-disease relationships through experimental studies. A recent publication by one of the Position Paper’s authors, discusses this in detail and it is also explored in a blog.
ANS Position Paper: Evidence for Health Claims
The second Position Paper on use of nutrition evidence, published in the British Journal of Nutrition in November 2022, focuses on the Nutrition and Health Claims Regulation and use of evidence to support health claims for foods. Click here for an overview . A blog discussing why health professionals need to know about the processes in place to regulate the use of such claims is available and accompanying editorials appeared in Nutrition Bulletin and the Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. These editorials summarise the recommendations and highlight the implications of the Regulation for nutrition and dietetic professionals.
ANS Position Paper: Evidence for Nutrition Interventions for Individuals
A third Position Paper will be published shortly, examining how evidence is used to guide individualised nutrition interventions in clinical practice. This is primarily achieved through the development of clinical practice guidelines, which are systematically developed statements that attempt to bridge the gap between research and clinical practice, guiding the practitioner and individual to implement treatments for specific clinical circumstances based upon the best available evidence. Accompanying editorials are also in preparation.
Dr Judy Buttriss
The importance of transparent frameworks for the assessment of evidence
The Academy of Nutrition Sciences has a strong interest in nutrition research excellence, development of the nutrition science discipline and application of rigorous nutrition science for public benefit. In 2020, it published its first Position Paper that addresses the evidence base underpinning dietary advice for populations for the prevention of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. The paper summarizes the nature of the evidence base and the systematic processes used by expert panels to ensure rigor, relevance and consistency are brought to their conclusions. Accompanying editorials, highlighting the Academy’s recommendations, can be found in Nutrition Bulletin and the Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics.
The Position Paper also addresses some of the challenges inherent in studying diet-disease relationships and lessons learned over the past 45 years of evidence-based policy-making in dietary prevention of such diseases. One such challenge is investigation of the biological mechanisms underlying diet-disease relationships through experimental studies. Although mechanistic studies are considered as part of expert evaluation, a systematic process to assess the rigor, relevance and consistency of the overall findings is lacking. A recent publication by one of the Position Paper’s authors, Prof Christine Williams, considers why systemizing mechanistic data is so challenging and the topic is explored in a blog published by the Academy in November 2022.
Identification of plausible biological mechanisms is also a consideration in the authorization process for health claims and the Nutrition and Health Claims Regulation is the focus of the Academy’s second Position Paper on the use of nutrition evidence, published in November 2022 in the British Journal of Nutrition, focuses on the Nutrition and Health Claims Regulation. A blog discussing why health professionals need to know about the processes in place to regulate the use of such claims has been published on the Academy’s website and accompanying editorials appeared in Nutrition Bulletin and the Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. These editorials summarise the recommendations and highlight the implications of the Regulation for nutrition and dietetic professionals.
Transparency in the way in which evidence is evaluated systematically and scientific opinions are reached is now seen as fundamentally important, and expert panels often publish the approaches they adopt. In the UK, SACN is the expert panel that provides independent scientific advice to the four UK governments on, and risk assessment of, nutrition and related health issues. In February 2023, SACN published an updated version of its framework and methods for the evaluation of evidence. The Academy welcomes the revised framework but notes the approach used for evaluation of mechanistic data lacks reference to the systematic selection and quality assessment of the available evidence base, referred to above
Also, in March 2023, a first iteration of the framework developed by the UK Nutrition and Health Claims Committee (UKNHCC) was published. UKNHCC was established following the UK’s exit from the European Union to provide scientific advice to the UK government on the substantiation of scientific evidence underpinning nutrition and health claims applications. Using these scientific opinions, the UK government and devolved administrations make decisions on whether to authorise use of particular nutrition and health claims.
These two frameworks have been developed with particular tasks in mind, namely to provide transparency on the approaches adopted by particular expert committees. But, in addition, they provide a wealth of useful information about methodological consideration when assessing the quality of different types of evidence, including risk of bias within the data and interpretation of statistical methods.
Nutrition and health claims, strengths, challenges and recommendations. Dr Margaret Ashwell
Dr Ashwell presented a summary of her recent paper on the subject of Health Claims at The Nutrition Society Winter Conference on January 25th 2023, at the Royal Society in London. Please see the presentation here
JANUARY 25, 2023
Academy of Nutrition Sciences – three years on
The Academy of Nutrition Sciences (ANS) was established in 2019 to provide a collective voice for the nutrition science discipline, including those engaged in research, education and training, clinical practice, and nutrition science communication. It is a result of a longstanding collaboration between four organisations: the Association for Nutrition, the British Dietetic Association, the British Nutrition Foundation, and the Nutrition Society. These four organisations are the founder members of the Academy. The academy also seeks to reduce the levels of misinformation about nutrition and health and improve understanding of how evidence is scrutinised and evaluated to produce dietary recommendations.
The Academy has a strong interest in nutrition research excellence, development of the nutrition science discipline and application of the outcomes of rigorous nutrition science for public benefit. An interview with Professor Kevin Whelan, a Trustee of the Academy, describes how these interests are being pursued through a series of Position Papers and related activities.
The main audience for the Academy’s work is the nutrition science community/profession and its stakeholders (including government/policy makers and research funding agencies). Further information can be found here and the strategic priorities for the Academy are summarised here.
What are the main outputs of the Academy?
Aligned with its strategic priorities, the main outputs from the Academy are Position Papers (published open-access in peer-reviewed scientific journals) and blog posts published on the Academy’s website (academynutritionsciences.org.uk).
Position Papers summarise the status quo on a topic, identify challenges and opportunities, and make recommendations. Development of the Position Papers is currently via a working group led by Professor Christine Williams, Emeritus Professor of Human Nutrition at the University of Reading, and trustee of the Academy.
The Academy’s first Position Paper, published in December 2020 in the British Journal of Nutrition focused on the nature of the evidence base underpinning dietary recommendations and the systematic processes used by expert panels to ensure that rigour, relevance and consistency are brought to their conclusions. There were accompanying editorials in Nutrition Bulletin and the Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, which highlight the Academy’s recommendations. The Position Paper also addresses some of the challenges inherent in studying diet-disease relationships and lessons learned over the past 45 years of evidence-based policy making in dietary prevention of non-communicable diseases such as cancers and cardiovascular diseases. One such challenge concerns the investigation of the biological mechanisms underlying diet-disease relationships through experimental studies, which in the Academy’s view has not been sufficiently exploited. A recent publication by one of the Position Paper’s authors, discusses this in more detail and the topic is explored in a blog published by the Academy in November 2022.
The second Position Paper on the use of nutrition evidence, published in November 2022 in the British Journal of Nutrition, focuses on the Nutrition and Health Claims Regulation. A blog discussing why health professionals need to know about the processes in place to regulate the use of such claims has been published on the Academy’s website and accompanying editorials appeared in Nutrition Bulletin and the Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. These editorials summarise the recommendations and highlight the implications of the Regulation for nutrition and dietetic professionals.
A third Position Paper will be published in 2023, examining how evidence is used to guide individualised nutrition interventions. This is primarily achieved through the development of clinical practice guidelines, which are systematically developed statements that attempt to bridge the gap between research and clinical practice, guiding the practitioner and individual to implement treatments for specific clinical circumstances based upon the best available evidence.
Communicating with stakeholders
With the support of nutrition-trained volunteers and utilising communications expertise residing within its Member Organisations, the Academy’s Trustees are developing a communications strategy. The primary aim is to initiate a sustainable way to raise ANS’s profile and illustrate its work and value as a ‘voice’ for the nutrition/dietetics community with, in particular, the nutrition science community/profession, government/policy makers, and research funding agencies.
Central to this activity is development of an independent social media presence for the Academy, supported by volunteers, that will focus on amplification of the growing number of Academy blog posts published on its website. In addition to blogs publicising the Academy’s Position Papers described above, other recent examples include: comment on the implications of the Brexit Freedoms Bill for food safety and public health; several posts focussing on past successes and future challenges and opportunities for the funding of human nutrition research in the UK; news of a collaboration with the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), in the form of a letter to The Lancet, on the critical importance of data transparency; identification of ways to support training in nutrition for student doctors; a celebration of 100 years since the discovery of vitamin D; and a perspective on the global protein economy.
JANUARY 20, 2023
Why do health professionals need to know about the nutrition and health claims regulation?
Editorials have been published online in support of the Academy of Nutrition Sciences’ new Position Paper on health claims: in Nutrition Bulletin (https://doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12598) and the Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jhn.13118?af=R)
The regulation of health claims for foods and drinks is intended, primarily, to protect consumers from unscrupulous claims by ensuring claims are accurate and substantiated with high quality scientific evidence. As well as summarising the recommendations of the Academy’s recent Position Paper https://www.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114522003300, the editorials draw attention to a particular Article in the legislation that governs health claims.
Article 12(c) applies specifically to the professional practice of health care professionals in certain circumstances, prohibiting ‘health claims that make reference to recommendations of individual doctors or health professionals’. The context for this is so-called commercial communications, which include product labelling and packaging delivered to the final consumer, product specific advertising in any form (e.g. print, broadcast, internet, direct mail), in-store promotions and food business social media. Article 12(c) does not affect non-commercial communications, examples of which are outlined in the editorials.
Amongst its recommendations, the Academy calls for training programmes in nutrition and dietetics to routinely include understanding of the pertinent legislative context and that approved CPD (continuous professional development) provision is available for health practitioners giving dietary advice. A growing number of nutritionists and dietitians work in commercial settings yet there appears to be differing interpretations of the current guidance available on the implications of Article 12(c) for professional practice. The Academy makes recommendation in this regard.
DECEMBER 19, 2022
How and why health claims are authorised – a new Position Paper from the Academy
Central to the work of the Academy of Nutrition Sciences is publishing Position Papers and the latest concerns how and why health claims are authorised (https://www.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114522003300).The paper, in British Journal of Nutrition, considers the strengths of approaches used in different countries, identifies challenges faced in assessing the scientific evidence and makes recommendations to overcome these. It complements a Position Paper (http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114520005000) focused on the nature of the evidence used in nutrition science and frameworks underpinning dietary recommendations for prevention of non-communicable diseases such as cancers and cardiovascular diseases, which was accompanied by editorials in Nutrition Bulletin (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nbu.12480) and the Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics (https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12863).
The latest Position Paper summarises current health claims regulations for the EU and GB, with comparisons to approaches used by other countries where different levels of claims are permitted (e.g. so-called ‘qualified claims’ that require less robust substantiation in the USA and the self-substantiation option that operates in Australia & New Zealand). The Academy Position Paper emphasises the strengths of the current UK approach used to determine authorisation of health claims and the learnings gained through the implementation of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) evidence-based process for assessment of proposed claims, and the corresponding risk assessment process that is now undertaken independently in GB by the UK Nutrition and Health Claims Committee (UKNHCC). It also identifies aspects of risk assessment/ management that may warrant review and potential reform, making recommendations that focus on remaining challenges for nutrition science, consumer understanding and for key stakeholders, including practising health professionals.
Health professions need to be aware of the implications of the Regulation, in particular Article 12(c), for their professional practice. This aspect is elaborated in editorials due to be published shortly in Nutrition Bulletin and the Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics.
The Position Papers are already proving to be of particular value to those teaching undergraduate and postgraduates courses in nutrition as well as reference material for students undertaking these courses. Building on the Position Paper on evidence supporting dietary guidelines, a paper published in the Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665122002750) focuses on the need for systematic approaches to assess quality and relevance of mechanistic research in the development of nutrition policy.
Find out more here.
The Academy of Nutrition Sciences responds to the consultation on the design of the UK’s future research assessment system
The Academy has a strong interest in nutrition research excellence, development of the nutrition science discipline and application of the outcomes of rigorous nutrition science for public benefit. The Academy’s charitable objective is to improve public health and wellbeing by supporting excellence in research, education and associated activities to advance the knowledge and application of evidence-based nutrition science. Read the Academy response here.
First Position Paper from the Academy Published in the British Journal of Nutrition
This paper is the first report in a series of three from the Academy of Nutrition Sciences. This position paper was developed in 2020 by a working group led by Professor Christine Williams, Emeritus Professor of Human Nutrition at the University of Reading, and trustee of the Academy. The paper deals with the approach of expert groups to investigate the links between diet and non-communicable diseases and addresses some of the challenges in the current evidence-base.
The trustees of the Academy agree that action is required to reduce levels of misinformation about nutrition and health, to improve understanding of how evidence in nutrition is scrutinised to avoid bias and the way in which the totality of the evidence is evaluated to formulate dietary recommendations.
A series of position papers will be published to consider the nature of the evidence base in specific areas of nutrition and health. The first of these, which has recently been published (Williams et al. 2020), addresses the evidence base underpinning dietary advice for populations for the prevention of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer.
The position paper summarises the nature of the evidence base and the systematic processes used by expert panels to ensure that rigour, relevance and consistency are brought to their conclusions. It also addresses some of the challenges inherent in studying diet-disease relationships and lessons learned over the past 45 years of evidence-based policy-making in dietary prevention of non-communicable diseases.
Complementary editorials have been published in Nutrition Bulletin https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nbu.12480 and the Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, which place the findings of the position paper in context.
Williams, C., Ashwell, M., Prentice, A., Hickson, M., & Stanner, S. (2020). Nature of the evidence base and frameworks underpinning dietary recommendations for prevention of non-communicable diseases: A position paper from the Academy of Nutrition Sciences. British Journal of Nutrition, 1-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114520005000
February 1, 2021